![]() ![]() No evidence was found of a universal anatomical feature responsible for third-order optical aberrations. Correlation of aberrations from the left and right eyes indicated the presence of significant bilateral symmetry. The largest pupil for which an eye may be considered diffraction-limited was 1.22 mm on average. ![]() For example, the average amount of higher-order aberrations present for a 7.5-mm pupil was equivalent to the wave-front error produced by less than 1/4 diopter (D) of defocus. On average, the total wave-front variance produced by higher-order aberrations was less than the wave-front variance of residual defocus and astigmatism. To first approximation, wave-front error fell exponentially with Zernike order and increased linearly with pupil area. However, for any individual eye the aberration coefficients were rarely zero for any Zernike mode. This result indicates that a hypothetical average eye representing the central tendency of the population is nearly free of aberrations, suggesting the possible influence of an emmetropization process or evolutionary pressure. We found that the population averages of Zernike coefficients were nearly zero for all of the higher-order modes except spherical aberration. We infer from these results that subjective best focus occurs when the area of the central, aberration-free region of the pupil is maximized. The residual Zernike coefficients for defocus were not zero but varied systematically with pupil diameter and with the Zernike coefficient for spherical aberration in a way that maximizes visual acuity. Zernike expansions of the experimental wave-front aberration functions were used to determine aberration coefficients for a series of pupil diameters. Sphero-cylindrical refractive errors were corrected with ophthalmic spectacle lenses based on the results of a subjective refraction performed immediately prior to experimentation. There is no way to 'opt out' or 'suppress' the NPPES record data for health care providers with active NPIs.A Shack-Hartmann aberrometer was used to measure the monochromatic aberration structure along the primary line of sight of 200 cyclopleged, normal, healthy eyes from 100 individuals. The information disclosed on the NPI Registry are FOIA-disclosable and are required to be disclosed under the FOIA and the eFOIA amendments to the FOIA. ![]() Our Data: Information on is built using data sources published by Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) under Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Covered health care providers and all health plans and health care clearinghouses must use the NPIs in the administrative and financial transactions adopted under HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). The NPI must be used in lieu of legacy provider identifiers in the HIPAA standards transactions. NPI Number: The National Provider Identifier (NPI) is a unique identification number for covered health care providers. Participating providers have signed an agreement to accept assignment for all Medicare-covered services. Most doctors, providers, and suppliers accept assignment, but you should always check to make sure. Medicare Assignment: Assignment means that your doctor, provider, or supplier agrees (or is required by law) to accept the Medicare-approved amount as full payment for covered services. This program also covers certain younger people with disabilities (who receive Social Security Disability Insurance - SSDI), and people with End-Stage Renal Disease (permanent kidney failure requiring dialysis or a transplant, sometimes called ESRD. Medicare Program: Medicare is a federal government program which provides health insurance to people who are 65 or older. ![]()
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